This appendix is broken into several tables.
P.S: The values below are stated according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. Termed the “2018 CODATA recommended values,” they are generally recognized worldwide for use in all fields of science and technology. The 2022 CODATA adjustment of the fundamental constants is the next regularly scheduled adjustment. Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
| Symbol | Meaning | Best Value | Approximate Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(c\) | Speed of light in vacuum | \(2.99792458 \times 10^{8} \ms\) | \(3.00 \times 10^{8} \ms\) |
| \(G\) | Gravitational constant | \(6.674 30(15) \times 10^{-11} \text{N kg}^2/\text{m}^2\) | \(6.67 \times 10^{-11} \text{N kg}^2/\text{m}^2\) |
| \(N_A\) | Avogadro’s number | \(6.02214076 \times 10^{23}\) | \(6.02 \times 10^{23}\) |
| \(k\) | Boltzmann’s constant | \(1.380649 \times 10^{-23}\text{J}/\text{K}\) | \(1.38\times 10^{-23} \text{J}/\text{K}\) |
| \(q_e\) | Charge on electron | \(-1.602176634 \times 10^{-19} \text{C}\) | \(-1.60 \times 10^{-19} \text{C}\) |
| \(h\) | Planck’s constant | \(6.626 070 15 \times 10^{-34} \text{J s}\) | \(6.63 \times 10^{-34} \text{J s}\) |
| Symbol | Meaning | Best Value | Approximate Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(m_e\) | Electron mass | \(9.1093837015(28) \times 10^{-31} \text{kg}\) | \(9.11 \times 10^{-31} \text{kg}\) |
| \(m_p\) | Proton mass | \(1.67262192369(51) \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) | \(1.6726 \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) |
| \(m_n\) | Neutron mass | \(1.67492749804(95) \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) | \(1.6749 \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) |
| \(u\) | Atomic mass unit | \(1.66053906660(50) \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) | \(1.6605 \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}\) |
| Alpha | \(Α\) | \(α\) | Eta | \(Η\) | \(η\) | Nu | \(Ν\) | \(ν\) | Tau | \(Τ\) | \(τ\) |
| Beta | \(Β\) | \(β\) | Theta | \(Θ\) | \(θ\) | Xi | \(Ξ\) | \(ξ\) | Upsilon | \(Υ\) | \(υ\) |
| Gamma | \(Γ\) | \(γ\) | Iota | \(Ι\) | \(ι\) | Omicron | \(Ο\) | \(ο\) | Phi | \(Φ\) | \(ϕ\) |
| Delta | \(Δ\) | \(δ\) | Kappa | \(Κ\) | \(κ\) | Pi | \(Π\) | \(π\) | Chi | \(Χ\) | \(χ\) |
| Epsilon | \(Ε\) | \(ε\) | Lambda | \(Λ\) | \(λ\) | Rho | \(Ρ\) | \(ρ\) | Psi | \(Ψ\) | \(ψ\) |
| Zeta | \(Ζ\) | \(ζ\) | Mu | \(Μ\) | \(μ\) | Sigma | \(Σ\) | \(σ\) | Omega | \(\Omega\) | \(ω\) |
| Prefix | Symbol | Value | Prefix | Symbol | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tera | T | \(10^{12}\) | deci | d | \(10^{-1}\) |
| giga | G | \(10^{9}\) | centi | c | \(10^{-2}\) |
| mega | M | \(10^{6}\) | milli | m | \(10^{-3}\) |
| kilo | k | \(10^{3}\) | micro | \(μ\) | \(10^{-6}\) |
| hecto | h | \(10^{2}\) | nano | n | \(10^{-9}\) |
| deka | da | \(10^{1}\) | pico | p | \(10^{-12}\) |
| — | — | \(10^{0}=1\) | femto | f | \(10^{-15}\) |
| Sun | mass | \(1.99 \times 10^{30} \text{kg}\) |
| average radius | \(6.96 \times 10^{8} \text{m}\) | |
| Earth-sun distance (average) | \(1.496 \times 10^{11} \text{m}\) | |
| Earth | mass | \(5.9736 \times 10^{24} \text{kg}\) |
| average radius | \(6.376 \times 10^{6} \text{m}\) | |
| orbital period | \(3.16 \times 10^{7} \text{s}\) | |
| Moon | mass | \(7.35 \times 10^{22} \text{kg}\) |
| average radius | \(1.74 \times 10^{6} \text{m}\) | |
| orbital period (average) | \(2.36 \times 10^{6} \text{s}\) | |
| Earth-moon distance (average) | \(3.84 \times 10^{8} \text{m}\) |
| Entity | Abbreviation | Name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fundamental units | Length | m | meter |
| Mass | kg | kilogram | |
| Time | s | second | |
| Current | A | ampere | |
| Supplementary unit | Angle | rad | radian |
| Derived units | Force | \(\text{N}= \kg \cdot \text{m} / \text{s}^2\) | newton |
| Energy | \(\text{J}= \kg \cdot \text{m}^2 / \text{s}^2\) | joule | |
| Power | \(\text{W}= \text{J} / \text{s}\) | watt | |
| Pressure | \(\text{Pa}= \text{N} / \text{m}^2\) | pascal | |
| Frequency | \(\text{Hz}= 1 / \text{s}\) | hertz | |
| Electronic potential | \(\text{V}= \text{J} /\text{C}\) | volt | |
| Capacitance | \(\text{F}= \text{C} / \text{V}\) | farad | |
| Charge | \(\text{C}= \text{s} \cdot \text{A}\) | coulomb | |
| Resistance | \(\Omega = \text{V} / \text{A}\) | ohm | |
| Magnetic field | \(\text{T}= \text{N} / \left( \text{A} \cdot \text{m} \right)\) | tesla | |
| Nuclear decay rate | \(\text{Bq}= 1 / \text{s}\) | becquerel |
| Length | 1 inch ( in.) \(= 2.54 \text{cm}\) “exactly” |
| 1 foot \(= 0.3048\text{m}\) | |
| 1 mile (mi) \(= 1.609 \text{km}\) | |
| Force | 1 pound (lb) \(= 4.448 \text{N}\) |
| Energy | 1 British thermal unit (Btu) \(= 1.055 \times 10^{3} \text{J}\) |
| Power | 1 horsepower (hp) \(= 746 \text{W}\) |
| Pressure | 1 lb/in2 \(= 6.895 \times 10^{3} \text{Pa}\) |
| Length | 1 light year ( ly ) \(=9.46 \times 10^{15} \text{m}\) |
| 1 astronomical unit (au ) \(=1.50 \times 10^{11} \text{m}\) | |
| 1 nautical mile \(=1.852 \text{km}\) | |
| 1 angstrom ( Å ) \(=10^{-10} \text{m}\) | |
| Area | 1 acre ( ac ) \(=4.05 \times 10^3 \text{m}^{2}\) |
| 1 square foot ( \(\text{ft}^2\) ) \(=9.29 \times 10^{-2} \text{m}^{2}\) | |
| 1 barn ( b ) \(=10^{-28} \text{m}^{2}\) | |
| Volume | 1 liter ( L ) \(=10^{-3} \text{m}^{3}\) |
| 1 U.S. gallon ( gal ) \(=3.785 \times 10^{-3} \text{m}^{3}\) | |
| Mass | 1 solar mass \(=1.99 \times 10^{30} \text{kg}\) |
| 1 metric ton \(=10^3 \text{kg}\) | |
| 1 atomic mass unit ( u ) \(=1.6605 \times 10^{ - 27} \text{kg}\) | |
| Time | 1 year ( y ) \(=3.16 \times 10^{7} \text{s}\) |
| 1 day ( d ) \(=86 400 \text{s}\) | |
| Speed | 1 mile per hour ( mph ) \(=1.609 \text{km}/\text{h}\) |
| 1 nautical mile per hour (naut ) \(=1.852 \text{km}/\text{h}\) | |
| Angle | 1 degree ( ° ) \(=1.745 \times 10^{ - 2} \text{rad}\) |
| 1 minute of arc ( ‘ ) \(= 1/60 \text{degree}\) | |
| 1 second of arc ( “ ) \(= 1/60 \text{minute of arc}\) | |
| 1 grad \(=1.571 \times 10^{ - 2} \text{rad}\) | |
| Energy | 1 kiloton TNT (kT ) \(=4.2 \times 10^{12} \text{J}\) |
| 1 kilowatt hour ( kW . h ) \(=3.60 \times 10^{6} \text{J}\) | |
| 1 food calorie ( kcal ) \(=4186 \text{J}\) | |
| 1 calorie ( cal ) \(=4.186 \text{J}\) | |
| 1 electron volt ( eV ) \(=1.60 \times 10^{ - 19} \text{J}\) | |
| Pressure | 1 atmosphere ( atm ) \(=1.013 \times 10^{5} \text{Pa}\) |
| 1 millimeter of mercury ( mm Hg ) \(=133.3 \text{Pa}\) | |
| 1 torricelli ( torr ) = 1 mmHg \(=133.3 \text{Pa}\) | |
| Nuclear decay rate | 1 curie ( Ci ) \(=3.70 \times 10^{10} \text{Bq}\) |